Chapter 17
Life as per three modes of nature
In the previous chapter, Shri Krishna highlighted the significance of distinguishing between right and wrong based on the Vedic Scriptures. The current chapter begins with Arjuna's thought-provoking question, reflecting the inquiries of many spiritual seekers. Shri Krishna responds by delving deep into an illuminating analysis of human nature, unravelling the complexities underlying various behavioural patterns. This chapter extends the teachings on the modes of nature, introduced in Chapter 14, providing deeper insights into how these modes shape human behaviour and decisions.
Arjuns question 15
Verse 1
Arjuna raises a question to Shri Krishna about individuals who may not possess extensive knowledge of the Vedas but are steadfast in their devotion. He aims to ascertain whether such unwavering faith and devotion correspond to the modes of goodness, passion, or ignorance.
Shri Krishnas Answer 15
Verse 2 and 3
Shri Krishna explains that every person holds some form of faith, which can be rooted in ignorance, passion, or goodness. This faith shapes our actions and mindset, and it's determined by our inner nature. Ultimately, our faith defines who we are and how we live our lives.
Verse 4
Individuals situated in the mode of goodness (sattva) tend to worship celestial deities. Those influenced by the mode of passion (rajas) are inclined to worship demi-gods and demons. Meanwhile, individuals under the sway of the mode of ignorance (tamas) often engage in worship of ghosts and spirits.
Verse 5 and 6
Certain individuals, driven by hypocrisy, subject their bodies to extreme suffering in the guise of austerities, actions that are not endorsed by the Vedic scriptures. In doing so, they not only inflict harm upon their own physical well-being but also cause distress to the Supreme Soul dwelling within. Such thoughtless actions are indicative of a demonic disposition.
Verse 7 to 13
Shri Krishna proceeds to elucidate that an individual's inclination towards specific types of food and the nature of sacrifices they are drawn to are fundamentally influenced by their inherent nature.
An individual in the mode of goodness (sattva):
An individual in the mode of passion (rajas):
An individual in the mode of ignorance (tamas):
Verse 14 to 19
Austerity in mode of Goodness
Austerities conducted with full faith and devoid of any expectations of material gains, involving discipline of the body, speech, and mind, are considered austerities performed in the mode of goodness (sattva).
-
Austerity of the body encompasses acts of worship directed towards the Supreme Lord, the Brahmins, the spiritual master, the wise, and the elders. These acts are carried out with the observance of cleanliness, simplicity, celibacy, and non-violence.
-
Austerity of speech involves using words that are non-disturbing, truthful, non-offensive, and constructive. It also includes the regular recitation of the Vedic scriptures.
-
Austerity of the mind encompasses cultivating a serene and tranquil mental state, practicing gentleness in thought, maintaining moments of silence, exercising self-control, and nurturing a sense of purity in one's intentions.
Austerity in mode of Passion
Austerity pursued with the intention of acquiring honour or admiration falls under the mode of passion (rajas). The benefits derived from such actions are fleeting and impermanent, lacking stability and lasting impact.
Austerity in mode of Ignorance
Austerity undertaken with confused understanding, accompanied by self-inflicted suffering or harm to others.
Verse 20 to 22
Charity in mode of Goodness
Giving, when performed at the appropriate time and place, to a deserving individual who is in need, without any anticipation of receiving something in return, and with the understanding that it is one's duty.
Charity in mode of Passion
Giving with hesitation or reluctance, while harbouring the expectation of receiving something in return.
Charity in mode of Ignorance
Giving to an undeserving individual without proper consideration, lacking respect and offered with contempt.
Verse 23 to 27
Shri Krishna proceeds to expound upon the significance of the words "Om," "Tat," and "Sat." These words, he states, have been proclaimed as symbolic representations of the Absolute Truth since the dawn of creation. He provides the following guidance:
1. Those who have faith in the Vedas should initiate any task by first uttering the word "Om."
2. Those who are dedicated to the eternal well-being of the soul and are uninterested in material gains should precede their actions by invoking the word "Tat."
3. "Sat" is defined as the embodiment of boundless goodness and virtue. This term also encompasses acts of sacrifice, penance, and charity. Any action performed with these purposes in mind is labelled as "Sat."
In this manner, Shri Krishna imparts the profound significance of these words and their role in guiding the intentions and outcomes of human endeavours.
Verse 28
Shri Krishna concludes by emphasizing that any action undertaken without genuine faith and conviction is labelled as "asat," devoid of true substance. Such actions hold no value or significance, neither in the present life nor in the subsequent ones.
Conclusion: In this chapter, Shri Krishna imparts profound insights into the modes of nature and their influence on our beliefs and actions. With this understanding, we transition to the final chapter of this sacred scripture, where further wisdom awaits.